The following chronological table is based on I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford 2000, with minor revisions. Direct dates in years BC, especially for the time before the New Kingdom , should be taken as approximate. Number, names, and length of reigns of many rulers (especially those of the so-called intermediate periods) are sometimes disputable. Many names of pharaohs are commonly known in their Greek versions (e.g. Khufu = Gr. Cheops; Khafra = Gr. Chephren; Menkaura = Gr. Mycerinus; Senusret = Gr. Sesostris; Amenhotep = Gr. Amenophis). Present-day transcriptions of Egyptian names exist in several, better or worse, variants (e. g. Thutmose = Thotmes = Tuthmosis = Thutmosis = Djehutymes; Unas = Unis = Wenis, Senusret = Senwosret, etc.). Choosing of one of them depends on the accepted convention. The list below contains the most important names of the pharaohs. The question mark signalizes doubts concerning the existence, or the pronounciation of a ruler’s name. Names of women ruling as pharaohs are given in italics, names of rulers, whose objects are represented in the exhibition, are underlined.

 

PREDYNASTIC PERIOD c. 5300-3000 BC
Lower Egyptian Neolithic 5300-4000
Maadi Cultural Complex 4000-3200
Badarian Period 4400-4000
Naqada I 4000-3500
Naqada II 3500-3200

Naqada III/Dyn. 0
i . a.: Scorpion I, Iri-Hor, Ka (Sekhen), Scorpion II, Narmer

 3200-3000
EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD 3000-2686
1 st Dyn. Aha, Djer, Djet, Merneith, Den, Anedjib, Semerkhet, Qa’a 3000-2890

2 nd Dyn. Hetepsekhemwy, Raneb, Nynetjer, Uneg, Sened, Sekhemib, Peribsen, Khasekhem, (=?) Khasekhemwy

 2890-2686
OLD KINGDOM 2686-2160

3 rd Dyn. Netjerikhet (Djeser), Sekhemkhet, Sanakht (Nebka), Khaba, Huni

 2686-2613

4 th Dyn. Sneferu, Khufu, Djedefra, Khafra , Baufra? (Baka?), Menkaura, Shepseskaf

 2613-2494

5 th Dyn. Userkaf, Sahura, Neferirkara, Shepseskara, Raneferef, Nyuserra , Menkauhor, Djedkara Isesi, Unis

 2494-2345

6 th Dyn. Teti, Userkara?, Pepi I, Merenra Nemtyemsaf, Pepi II, Merenra II?, Nitokris?

 2345-2181

7-8 th Dyn. m.in. Neferkara, Uadjkara Pepiseneb, Neferkamin Inu, Kakara Ibi, Neferkauhor

 2181-2160
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2160-2055

9-10 th Dyn. i.a.: Khety I, Neferkare Nebkaure, Khety II, Meryhathor, Khety III, Merykara, Khety IV

 2160-2055
11 th Dyn. /Thebes only/ Mentuhotep I, Intef I, Intef II, Intef III 2125-2055
MIDDLE KINGDOM 2055-1650
11 th Dyn. /all Egypt/ Mentuhotep II, Mentuhotep III, Mentuhotep IV 2055-1985

12 th Dyn. Amenemhat I, Senusret I, Amenemhat II, Senusret II, Senusret III, Amenemhat III, Amenemhat IV, Sobekneferu

 1985-1773

13 th Dyn. i.a.: Wegaf, Khendjer, Awibra Hor, Merneferra Ay, several rulers named Amenemhat, Sobekhotep

 1773-1650
14 th Dyn. Many rulers residing in Xois in the Delta 1773-1650
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1650-1550

15 th Dyn. (Hyksos) i.a. Sheshi, Sekerher, Yacobher, Khyan, Aauserra Apopi I, Khamudi

 1650-1550
16 th Dyn. (Small Hyksos) 1650-c.1580

17 th Dyn. i.a.: Rahotep, Sobekemsaf I, Intef VI, Intef VII, Intef VIII, Sobekemsaf II, Sekenenra Taa, Kamose

 c.1580-1550
NEW KINGDOM 1550-1069

18 th Dyn. Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV – Akhenaten, Smenkhkara, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb

 1550-1295

19 th Dyn. Ramesses I, Sety I, Ramesses II, Merenptah, Amenmessu, Sety II, Saptah, Tauseret

 1295-1186

20 th Dyn. Setnakht, Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, Ramesses V, Ramesses VI, Ramesses VII, Ramesses VIII, Ramesses IX, Ramesses X, Ramesses XI

 1186-1069
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1069-664

21 st Dyn. Smendes, Neferkara Amenemes, Psusennes I, Amenemope, Siamun, Psusennes II

 1069-945

22 nd Dyn. (Libyan) Sheshonq I, Osorkon I, Takelot I, Osorkon II, Sheshonq II, Takelot II, Sheshonq III, Pamay, Sheshonq V, Osorkon IV

 945-715

23 rd Dyn. (Libyan) Pedubastis, Iuput I, Sheshonq IV, Osorkon III, Takelot III, Rudamon?, Peftjauawybast, Iuput II

 818-715
24 th Dyn. Tefnakht, Bakenrenef 727-715
25 th Dyn. (Nubian) Piankhi (Piy), Shabaqo, Shabitqo, Taharqa, Tanutamani 747-656
LATE PERIOD 664-332
26 th Dyn. Psammetik I, Necho, Psammetik II, Apries, Amasis, Psammetik III 664-525

27 th Dyn. (1 st Persian Period) Cambyses, Darius I, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I, Darius II, Artaxerxes II

 525-404
28 th Dyn. Amyrtaios 404-399
29 th Dyn. Nepherites I, Achoris, Psamuthis, Nepherites II 399-380
30 th Dyn. Nectanebo I, Teos, Nectanebo II 380-343

31 st Dyn. (2 nd Persian rule) Artaxerxes III Ochus, Arses, Darius III Codoman

 343-332
GREEK PERIOD 332-30
Macedonian Dynasty 332-305
Ptolemaic Dynasty 305-30
ROMAN PERIOD 30 BC – 395 AD
BYZANTINE (COPTIC) PERIOD 395-641 AD

 

In 641 AD Egypt was conquered by the Arabs led by Amr.